☀Talitha's World☀

Rabu, 23 Juli 2014

Assessment

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Problem

Assessment is often equated and confused with evaluation, but the two concepts are different. Assessment is used to determine what a student knows or can do, while evaluation is used to determine the worth or value of a course or program. Assessment data effects student advancement, placement, and grades, as well as decisions about instructional strategies and curriculum (Herman & Knuth, 1991). Evaluations often utilize assessment data along with other resources to make decisions about revising, adopting, or rejecting a course or program.In assessment there are many kinds test but in this section will explain about norm refferencedd and criterion refferencedd.

Norm refferencedd is student achievement in comparison with other students in the group.Some teachers misunderstand norm-referenced tests, believing that these tests are instead criterion-referenced. Criterion-referenced tests are based on specific criteria that students answer either correctly or incorrectly; the number of correct or incorrect answers determines whether students pass or fail the test. Although there are some criterion-referenced achievement and language proficiency tests in use these days, most standardized tests are norm-referenced. With these tests, a particular student's score is determined through comparison with the students in the group that was used to establish the norms. Norms are based on a bell curve, which means that the same percentage of students will receive a 90th percentile score as will receive a 10th percentile score. If a norm-referenced achievement test hasn't been normed with ELLs, then ELLS will be unfairly compared to the sampling population.

Criterion-referenced test (CRT) an assesment where an individual’s performance is compared to a specific learning objective. In education, CRTs usually are made to determine whether a student has learned the material taught in a specific grade or course. An algebra CRT would include questions based on what was supposed to be taught in algebra classes. It would not include geometry questions or more advanced algebra than was in the curriculum. Most all students who took algebra could pass this test if they were taught well and they studied enough and the test was well-made.

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Selasa, 22 Juli 2014

Teaching with the Song

A.1. Song

You Light Up My Life

So many nights I sit by my window
Waiting for someone to sing me his song
So many dreams I kept deep inside me
Alone in the dark but now you've come along

And you light up my life
You give me hope to carry on
You light up my days
And fill my nights with song

Rollin' at sea, adrift on the water
Could it be finally I'm turning for home?
And finally, a chance to say, "Hey, I love you"
Never again to be all alone

'Cause you, you light up my life
You give me hope to carry on
You light up my days
And fill my nights with song

And you, you light up my life
You give me hope to carry on
You light up my days
And fill my nights
Fill my nights with song, with song

You give me hope to carry on
You light up my days
And fill my nights with song

It can't be wrong when it feels so right

Cause you, you light up my life
My life, my life, my life oh

2. The Content of The Song

This song tell us about a girl who is waiting a boyfriend cause she feel lonely in every night. She thinks that if she has a boyfriend, he will sing a song for her in every night. Then, her dreams come true. She got ......

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Minggu, 20 Juli 2014

Phrase Structure Rules

A.Definition Of Phrase

Before explain phrase structure rules,let us see what the definition of phrase is.Phrase is sequence of word or a group of word arranged in a grammatical construction and function as a unit in a sentence.

They are five types of phrase,they are :

1. Noun Phrase (NP)

2. Adjective Phrase (AdjP)

3. Verb Phrase (VP)

4. Adverb Phrase (AdvP)

5. Preposition Phrase (PP)

1.Noun Phrase (NP)

Noun phrase refers to a phrase that built upon a noun which functions as the headword of the phrase.Example :

-A young man threw the old dog a bone

(NP) (NP) (NP)

-Pretty girl whispered softly

(NP)

2.Adjective Phrase (AdjP)

An adjective phrase refers to a phrase that modifies a noun. It built upon an adjective which functions as the headword of the phrase.Example :

-She seemed extremely pleasant

(AdjP)

-You are much quicker than I

(AdjP)

3.Verb Phrase (VP)

A verb phrase refers to a phrase that composed of at least one verb and the dependents of the verb, in which the verb functions as the headword of the phrase.

Example :

- He has been singing

(VP)

-The child found the puppy

(VP)

4.Adverb Phrase (AdvP)

Adverb phrase refers to a phrase that often plays the role of telling us when, where, why, or how an event occurred, in which the adverb functions as the headword of the phrase. Examples:

-We are expecting him to come next year

(AdvP)

- He ran very quickly

(AdvP)

5.Preposition Phrase (PP)

A preposition phrase refers to a phrase that begins with a preposition, in which the preposition functions as the headword of the phrase. Examples:

-He arrived by plane

(PP)

- Do you know that man with the scar?

(PP)

B.Definition of Phrase Sructure Rule

Phrase-structure rules are a way to describe a given language's syntax. They are used to break a natural language sentence down into its constituent parts (also known as syntactic categories) namely phrasal categories and lexical categories (parts of speech). Phrasal categories include the noun phrase, verb phrase, and prepositional phrase; lexical categories include noun, verb, adjective, adverb, and many others. Phrase structure rules are usually of the form $A \to B \quad C$ , meaning that the constituent A is separated into the two subconstituents B and C.

C.Basic Phrase Structure Rules